Colonialism ended with Decolonisation - 1925 Words

Colonialism ended with Decolonisation (Essay Sample) Content: Name Tutor Course Date Colonialism ended with Decolonisation Colonialism can be defined as the occupation, exploitation, expansion and acquisition of a colony in a territory by a sovereign power from another region. A proliferation of such acquisitions occurred in the 19th and 20th century, with industrialised countries seeking to expand their markets and source of raw materials. However, in the second half of the 20th century, there was a recognized need to end this exploitation and as locals started demanding control over their own governance. Among the global milestones towards the end of such territorial occupations was the formation of the Special Committee on Decolonisation at the United Nations. Nonetheless, Maswana asserts that this period did not mark the end of colonisation, but the beginning of a new form of exploitation commonly known as neo-colonialism (96). Neo-colonialism focused on controlling economic frameworks and institutions within a country that were closely linked to power, which is a contrast from the previous form wher e acquisition of control through state-centric instruments of sovereignty was paramount. During the formation of the Special Committee on Decolonisation, colonialism had several integral attributes such as violent rule and direct exploitation of the citizenry (Reuveny 295). However, Turner highlights that colonialism has evolved, which makes it harder for this UN committee to identify and tackle it (1194). The complexity of the 21st century colonialism is guised under alternative governance support for sovereign governments, which exemplifies a form of interference in national affairs. A majority of governments after independence recognised the fact that they needed support from their former colonisers or other developed nations to grow their countries. This knowledge was based on that most of the locals were not educated and thus their input on developing complex economic and governance structures was limited. Additionally, a majority of the new leaders understood that the industrialization and development orchestrated by colonial governments was beneficial to their cou ntries, and all they were opposed to was foreign rule. Consequently, after independence, these leaders sought partnerships with former colonial powers to ensure sustenance for established structures. This reliance on foreign nations created a suitable environment for the proliferation of neo-colonialism (Altwaiji 313). On the other hand, some of the new leaders used these relationships as a form of security for their governments, especially to curb any form of rebellion similar to what they had employed to gain independence. Previously, the natives were united against an oppressive colonial master that they blamed for their hardships; however, when a change in regime after independence did not solve such problems, the new government was bound to experience some form of resistance. Colonialism was characterised by the acquisition of resources and wealth from local communities. The assumption during anti-colonial rebellion was that this wealth would revert to initial owners after independence; however, some of the new sovereign leaders felt entitled to these resources because of their contribution in fighting for freedom. Such entitlement and subsequent amassing of wealth by local leaders was done in collaboration with colonial governments, which had previous ownership. The creation of such a relatio nship then meant that former colonisers were actively involved in state affairs, which then gave them power to dictate over events in their former colonies. To understand the complexity of neo-colonialism, one needs to start with the simplistic reasons that initiated previous forms: search for raw materials and expanding markets. A closer analysis of former colonies reveals high trade dependency on their colonisers. Kenya, a former British colony, receives its highest number of tourists from its former coloniser; consequently, before Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s entry into Africa, Britain was the largest source of FDI for this East African country. This fact is indicative that former colonial powers are still achieving their initial objectives even after their colonies transitioned to independent states. The severity of such dependency is exemplified in countries such as Kenya where a policy directive by Britain to advise its citizens from visiting the country has significant ramifications on the formerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tourism sector. Additionally, colonial governments established century-long leases and trade agreements with their former colonies, which ensured that the end of their rule was not synonymous with loss of raw materials supply. In an attempt to reduce neo-colonialism, former colonies, especially in Africa are increasing their trade relations with China. However, as Maswana highlights, this new policy only substitutes one colonial master for another, with the intensified trade dependency on China exemplifying a form of colonialism (95). Indeed this move by African countries is considered as an extension of the rebellion they staged to gain independence, only that it is now characterised by termination of trade relationships and not violent activity. Nonetheless, a logical and holistic evaluation of the new paradigm indicates that China may not have stringent governance demands, but it still aims at exercising a form of control over governments it is assisting. A principal issue arising from the discussions above is on the actual possibility of colonialism ever ending. A majority of former colonies are still classified as developing countries, which highlights their need for support from first world nations. However, this form of support usually comes with interests for the helper that then translates to a form of control by a foreign nation, which fits the definition of colonialism. Cheney highlights the possibility of a mutually benefiting relationship between developed countries and developing ones (77). Such a relationship should be based on engaging in activities that develop both nations without any form of one patronizing or exploiting the other. Ideally, such a model is applicable, but the reality of why nations interact makes it rather impossible to sustain such a relationship. For example, former colonisers usually offer military training for armies in their former colonies; this assists governments in developing countries to have a well-equipped and skilled security apparatus. However, such military assistance is often associated with former colonial powers establishing command centres in the region they are offering training. Such centres are used to collect intelligence on local government activities under the guise of gathering information on possible threats to global security. By definition, decolonisation represents an end to colonisation, but in reality, it was merely acceptance of failing governance policies by colonial masters. In Africa, colonialism was marked by an era of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"divide and ruleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ paradigms that focused on fostering one tribe as being superior to others. However, this approach became counterproductive when the perceived superior tribes started pushing for a direct role in their own governance. An attempt by colonial governments in countries such as Rwanda to quash such demands by promoting other tribes into positions of power only succeeded in creating civil tension. Additionally, the two World Wars had resulted in an economic weakening of most colonial powers, and thus the need for them to focus on rebuilding their own countries and not colonies. All these factors combined with the growth of a group of learned individuals from colonised communities, necessitated decolonisation. Therefore, colonisation did not end because colonisers were tired of being in power but because of other circumstances; consequently, decolonisation was not a product of the realisation of the need for each country to have its sovereignty. This realisation then invalidates the argument that colonialism ended with decolonisation, and instead creates a perspective that decolonisation transformed colonialism. Social systems, economic structures and governance approaches in most countries are founded on ideologies from their former colonial rulers. Prior to colonisation, a majority of these countries had traditional governments and social systems such as education, which could not be relevant or applicable in the current society. Therefore, the departure of colonialists did not signify a breakaway from the knowledge they had passed to locals in their colonies. Additionally, previous activities such as female circumcision have been proven by science as being harmful and ineffective in regards to their intended solutions. The debate, therefore, is whether such an adoption of colonial systems signifies an extension of colonisersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ authority. In some former colonies, the use of Western or European cultural norms is considered as retrogressing to the colonial period. Leaders that believe nationalism is a separation from all that is attributable to colonial masters fuel this perc eption. Such a perception and leadership philosophy, however, is a falsehood. During pre-colonial periods, interactions between local communities resulted in cultural exchanges: in Africa, some of these interactions involved war, whose attribute of violence is similar to that of colonialism. Nonetheless, the locals adopted foreign norms without ever perceiving such an exchange as making them subjects of another community; this is because these exchanges were based on an understanding that each culture needed to constantly evolve to remain beneficial to its people. Therefore, an assertion that adoption of colonial powersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ cultural practices is an extension of colonialism is wrong. One of the 21st centuryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s phenomena is globalization, which has increased interconnectivity between re...

Bromination of Benzene Synthesis and Purification of...

BROMINATION OF BENZENE SYNTHESIS AND PURIFICATION OF BROMOBENZENE: PROCEDURE DATA TABLE Chemicalnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Boiling point Cnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Melting Point Cnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Density g/mLnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Solubility Benzenenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;80.1nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;5.5nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;0.88nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Slightly in H2O Toluenenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;110.6nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-93nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;0.87nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Slightly in H2O†¦show more content†¦Synthesis of Bromobenzene: Set up a reflux and place in a cold-water bath. In addition to setting up the reflux apparatus, set up an inverted funnel gas trap. This will collect the hydrogen bromide gas in the water and not in our lungs when the reflux takes place. Pour 2.3 mL of benzene in the round bottom flask of the reflux apparatus. After this, pour the iron (III) bromide (FeBr3) into the same round bottom flask. If there is a vigorous initial reaction, wait until this has almost stopped and then heat the water bath to a temperature of 25-30O C to initiate the reflux. Reflux at this temperature for an hour. After an hour has passed, raise the temperature of the water to 65-70O C, and allow refluxing for about 45 minutes. At this point, the color of the liquid should be dark. At this point, the reaction between the benzene and the bromide molecules should be complete. Purification of Bromobenzene: Transfer this liquid to a separatory funnel, and shake and vent with a 10% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The lower layer should be the bromobenzene layer. Drain this layer out into a beaker. Add water to the liquids in the separatory funnel, and again shake and vent to ensure the absence of bromide. Drain if necessary. After the extraction, the bromobenzene solution needs to be dried. Again, put anhydrous calcium chloride into a beaker with the bromobenzene and shake. Set aside for about 30 minutes. Decant this solution, and filter this

The Theory Of Personality Traits - 1948 Words

The study of personality is very important in the field of psychology because it aims to provide an account for individuality of human beings (Pervin and John, 1999). There are many psychological definitions which attempt to explain personality in terms of characteristics or typical qualities of an individual. Gordon Allport, defined it as â€Å"a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person’s characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts and feelings’ (Allport, 1961, p. 11). Throughout the existence of this idea, psychologists have attempted to find ways to assess personality, creating different tests and theories, for example the Big Five Model of personality traits. This model, also known as the Five Factor Model (FFM), included five main personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. The FFM was developed by Costa and McCrae (1985; 1989; 1992; 1997), who are argued to be the most distinguished psychologists in the area of personality. One of the main criticisms of this model is that it isn’t universal across all cultures and that it is not the right approach to assessing personality among different cultures of the world. Culture is very important in the area of psychology and there have been many definitions of it throughout the centuries. Edward Burnett Tyler (1871/1996), a British anthropologist, is believed to have offered the first definition of culture in his field of study. HeShow MoreRelatedPersonality Traits And Theories Of Personality1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe term personality has been defined several times in different ways throughout the history of psychology. 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A Study in Cruelty free essay sample

An examination of the treatment of children and the human rights they possess. This paper takes the reader on an exploratory journey through the topic of rights and responsibilities as related to child developmental stages. The paper provides a child profile and examines the development from the standpoint of several theorists. In addition the concept of human rights is discussed as well as the rights of a child specifically. Often times children think they are much more grownup than they actually are. We see them trying to be adults when they are still only children. Our job as adults is to guide them through their childhood and try and get them to wait for certain developmental stages before embarking on the next set of goals and tasks. We try our best and are successful the majority of the time, but what happens when it fails and the child commits an adult act? Do we continue to treat her as a child or do we recognize the fact that she made an adult decisions and stand by her for the outcome?