Principal Quantum Number Definition

Head Quantum Number Definition The important quantum number is theâ quantum number signified by n and which in a roundabout way depicts the size of the electron orbital. It is constantly relegated a whole number worth (e.g., n 1, 2, 3...), however its worth may never be 0. An orbital for which n 2 is bigger, for instance, than an orbital for which n 1. Vitality must be invested all together for an electron to be energized from an orbital close to the core (n 1) to get to an orbital further from the core (n 2). The important quantum number is refered to first in the arrangement of four quantum numbers related with an electron. The key quantum numberâ has the best impact on the vitality of the electron. It was first intended to recognize distinctive vitality levels in the Bohr model of the atomâ but stays appropriate to the cutting edge nuclear orbital hypothesis. Source Andrew, A. V. (2006). 2. Schrã ¶dinger condition. Nuclear spectroscopy. Acquaintance of hypothesis with Hyperfine Structure. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-387-25573-6.

Crowdfunding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crowdfunding - Essay Example From this conversation obviously the prize can be administration or item that the organization offers. Much the same as the gift approach, the technique doesn't have value or monetary return. The benefit of the strategy is that it lets capital searchers to boost their financial specialists without selling possession stake or bringing about additional costs. Value based offers the financial specialists the chance to have a stake in the business. In this regard, the speculators get an opportunity to exchange capital for value shares. The suggestion is that the donors get a budgetary profit for the speculation, just as, dividends.As the report features thatâ crowdfunding presents various points of interest to the film maker. To begin with, the methodology encourages access to many certify financial specialists in which the business visionary can collaborate and share the gathering pledges crusade. The borrower can audit the potential financial specialists and select the best out of a h uge pool. The maker can advance the battle through the email pamphlet, web-based social networking, and other internet showcasing stages. The media stages referenced above make the battle distinguishable to the a large number of potential investors. Crowdfunding offers the potential funders a chance to be a piece of the organization, particularly in the value based methodology. With the value - based methodology, the funder can exchange shares. The suggestion is that the funder gets budgetary venture and profits.

Aristotle believes that man has a function in life Research Paper Example

Aristotle accepts that man has a capacity in life Research Paper Example Aristotle accepts that man has a capacity in life Paper Aristotle accepts that man has a capacity in life Paper on the off chance that the capacity of man is an action of the spirit as per, or suggesting, an objective guideline; and on the off chance that we hold that the capacity an individual and of a decent individual of a similar kind e. g. f a harpist and of a decent harpist, etc for the most part is conventionally the equivalent, the latters particular greatness being appended to the name of the capacity (in light of the fact that the capacity of the harpist is to play the harp, yet that of the great harpist is to play it well); and on the off chance that we expect that the capacity of man is a sort of life, in particular, an action or arrangement of activities of the spirit, inferring a levelheaded guideline; and if the capacity of a decent man is to play out these well and appropriately; and if each capacity is performed well when acted as per its legitimate greatness: if this is all along these lines, the end is that the useful for man is a movement of the spirit as per temperance, or if there are a greater number of sorts of excellence than one, as per the best and absolute best kind. Basically, what Aristotle implies by this is the general human capacity is the spirits movement together with reason. The movement of balanced idea is the thing that makes us human since no other living thing has the capacity of thinking. It is the capacity to reason that all people have, however not every individual capacity as per it (some are oblivious while others can't settle on consistent decisions). Likewise, all human activities taken together make up the great and all that we do for the duration of our lives adds to the general capacity. On the off chance that we live well, as indicated by the best possible ideals, this will permit us to accomplish what Aristotle calls eudaimonia (satisfaction). It is significant that our highminded activities are driven by the ethics and not simply in accordance with the ideals. For instance, an attorney who contends for a poor man so as to increase a decent notoriety isn't acting from uprightness; he is acting in accordance with goodness. Aristotles contention in fundamental terms is as per the following: a watch has a capacity and its integrity lives in that work; on the off chance that man has a capacity, at that point his decency lies in playing out that capacity well. For a watch to play out its capacity it utilizes the components inside itself to accomplish this; every one of keeps an eye on substantial organs have a capacity thus hence man must have a capacity and this capacity is keeps an eye on recognizing highlight: levelheadedness. The central useful for man is an actual existence following or suggesting a discerning standard and to utilize that reason together with specific temperances. An issue with Aristotles conviction is his case that every one of a keeps an eye on substantial organs have a capacity thus along these lines man must have a capacity. Not everything on the planet has a reasonable capacity or a decided end. For instance, a rose doesn't have a reasonable capacity other than the capacities we consider for it (its excellence and its aroma) however this doesn't add anything truthful to it. In correlation, the capacity of our eyes enable us to see the world yet this adds nothing accurately to just saying that our eyes makes us see. At the point when we talk about capacity we give it a regularizing status to causation yet this is abstract to each person. This works for every teleological thought and it mirrors our own advantages. With respect to teleological contentions, they must be safeguarded, chiefly, by religion and furthermore by human thoughts of nature. For instance, Thomas Aquinas accepted that characteristic law was not made up by people but instead a constant principle or example which is there for individuals to find. Aquinas says that normal law is unpredictable to the point that it needed to have been structured by a higher force and he expressed that the main conceivable answer is God. Be that as it may, utilizing God as the response to the presence and point of individuals is a feeble contention. Jean-Paul Sartre has faith in the idea that presence goes before embodiment and that that presence goes before pith implies that an individual, just as human reality, exists preceding any ideas of qualities or ethics. An individual is brought into the world a clear record and humankind has no all inclusive, fixed qualities or morals regular to the entirety of humankind. Since no embodiment or definition exists of what is intends to be human, an individual must shape their own origination of presence by assuming responsibility for duty regarding their activities and decisions. In this manner, a person picks up their substance through their own decisions and activities. It is exclusively through the way toward living that an individual characterizes themselves. He utilizes the case of a paper blade saying that one can't assume that a man would create a paper blade without realizing what it is really going after. A paper blade has quintessence before presence since it is intended for a particular reason. Individuals don't; they have presence before substance since they are not structured with a particular reason. Subsequently, this difficulties the capacity contention in that people don't have a specific end or a clear capacity; our capacity in life is made up as we experience life. Another issue with the capacity contention is introduced by the is/should false notion. David Hume contended that there is a philosophical issue in accepting that since something is the situation it should be the situation; he considers this the is/should error. For instance, subjugation exists yet the way that it is a reality doesn't imply that it should be. Premature birth is a reality and some would contend that it is all in all correct to prematurely end in specific conditions yet that doesn't mean we should. For this situation, it might be a reality that people have reason however it doesn't coherently follow that we should practice our motivation to carry on with a satisfied life. Teacher Richard Norman says: why then from the way that balanced action is particularly human would it be a good idea for it to follow that we should live as per reason? An extra issue is, there are numerous unmistakably human things that creatures can't do, why is reason the main trademark Aristotle centers upon? For instance, we can bet, provide for a noble cause, make craftsmanship and become inebriated by drugs yet that doesn't imply that any of these are our capacities. On what grounds does Aristotle utilize that creatures can't utilize reason? Clearly what we call reason is close to intuitive reaction yet on a cognizant level than any activity in the set of all animals. Aristotle could essentially contend that these are for the most part instances of people not utilizing their explanation well in light of the fact that a dictator, fear monger or card shark is utilizing their explanation however not related to their ethics. A genuine case of this would be the fear monger Osama container Laden who thought he was doing useful for the existence where actually he was making destruction. Taking everything into account, despite the fact that Aristotles conviction of keeps an eye on work in life gives us as individuals something to focus on (eudaimonia) it doesn't imply that man certainly has a capacity throughout everyday life. Because our organs work with a particular goal in mind doesn't mean our body must work towards something, and in the event that our bodies are to be sure moving in the direction of something, at that point for what reason must it be towards eudaimonia? As Sartre says, our capacity could be made up as we experience life. For what reason must we live as indicated by reason? Likewise, for what reason must it simply be reason we work upon? It is these inquiries that represent an issue to Aristotles work contention and along these lines make his case imperfect.

Colonialism ended with Decolonisation - 1925 Words

Colonialism ended with Decolonisation (Essay Sample) Content: Name Tutor Course Date Colonialism ended with Decolonisation Colonialism can be defined as the occupation, exploitation, expansion and acquisition of a colony in a territory by a sovereign power from another region. A proliferation of such acquisitions occurred in the 19th and 20th century, with industrialised countries seeking to expand their markets and source of raw materials. However, in the second half of the 20th century, there was a recognized need to end this exploitation and as locals started demanding control over their own governance. Among the global milestones towards the end of such territorial occupations was the formation of the Special Committee on Decolonisation at the United Nations. Nonetheless, Maswana asserts that this period did not mark the end of colonisation, but the beginning of a new form of exploitation commonly known as neo-colonialism (96). Neo-colonialism focused on controlling economic frameworks and institutions within a country that were closely linked to power, which is a contrast from the previous form wher e acquisition of control through state-centric instruments of sovereignty was paramount. During the formation of the Special Committee on Decolonisation, colonialism had several integral attributes such as violent rule and direct exploitation of the citizenry (Reuveny 295). However, Turner highlights that colonialism has evolved, which makes it harder for this UN committee to identify and tackle it (1194). The complexity of the 21st century colonialism is guised under alternative governance support for sovereign governments, which exemplifies a form of interference in national affairs. A majority of governments after independence recognised the fact that they needed support from their former colonisers or other developed nations to grow their countries. This knowledge was based on that most of the locals were not educated and thus their input on developing complex economic and governance structures was limited. Additionally, a majority of the new leaders understood that the industrialization and development orchestrated by colonial governments was beneficial to their cou ntries, and all they were opposed to was foreign rule. Consequently, after independence, these leaders sought partnerships with former colonial powers to ensure sustenance for established structures. This reliance on foreign nations created a suitable environment for the proliferation of neo-colonialism (Altwaiji 313). On the other hand, some of the new leaders used these relationships as a form of security for their governments, especially to curb any form of rebellion similar to what they had employed to gain independence. Previously, the natives were united against an oppressive colonial master that they blamed for their hardships; however, when a change in regime after independence did not solve such problems, the new government was bound to experience some form of resistance. Colonialism was characterised by the acquisition of resources and wealth from local communities. The assumption during anti-colonial rebellion was that this wealth would revert to initial owners after independence; however, some of the new sovereign leaders felt entitled to these resources because of their contribution in fighting for freedom. Such entitlement and subsequent amassing of wealth by local leaders was done in collaboration with colonial governments, which had previous ownership. The creation of such a relatio nship then meant that former colonisers were actively involved in state affairs, which then gave them power to dictate over events in their former colonies. To understand the complexity of neo-colonialism, one needs to start with the simplistic reasons that initiated previous forms: search for raw materials and expanding markets. A closer analysis of former colonies reveals high trade dependency on their colonisers. Kenya, a former British colony, receives its highest number of tourists from its former coloniser; consequently, before Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s entry into Africa, Britain was the largest source of FDI for this East African country. This fact is indicative that former colonial powers are still achieving their initial objectives even after their colonies transitioned to independent states. The severity of such dependency is exemplified in countries such as Kenya where a policy directive by Britain to advise its citizens from visiting the country has significant ramifications on the formerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tourism sector. Additionally, colonial governments established century-long leases and trade agreements with their former colonies, which ensured that the end of their rule was not synonymous with loss of raw materials supply. In an attempt to reduce neo-colonialism, former colonies, especially in Africa are increasing their trade relations with China. However, as Maswana highlights, this new policy only substitutes one colonial master for another, with the intensified trade dependency on China exemplifying a form of colonialism (95). Indeed this move by African countries is considered as an extension of the rebellion they staged to gain independence, only that it is now characterised by termination of trade relationships and not violent activity. Nonetheless, a logical and holistic evaluation of the new paradigm indicates that China may not have stringent governance demands, but it still aims at exercising a form of control over governments it is assisting. A principal issue arising from the discussions above is on the actual possibility of colonialism ever ending. A majority of former colonies are still classified as developing countries, which highlights their need for support from first world nations. However, this form of support usually comes with interests for the helper that then translates to a form of control by a foreign nation, which fits the definition of colonialism. Cheney highlights the possibility of a mutually benefiting relationship between developed countries and developing ones (77). Such a relationship should be based on engaging in activities that develop both nations without any form of one patronizing or exploiting the other. Ideally, such a model is applicable, but the reality of why nations interact makes it rather impossible to sustain such a relationship. For example, former colonisers usually offer military training for armies in their former colonies; this assists governments in developing countries to have a well-equipped and skilled security apparatus. However, such military assistance is often associated with former colonial powers establishing command centres in the region they are offering training. Such centres are used to collect intelligence on local government activities under the guise of gathering information on possible threats to global security. By definition, decolonisation represents an end to colonisation, but in reality, it was merely acceptance of failing governance policies by colonial masters. In Africa, colonialism was marked by an era of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"divide and ruleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ paradigms that focused on fostering one tribe as being superior to others. However, this approach became counterproductive when the perceived superior tribes started pushing for a direct role in their own governance. An attempt by colonial governments in countries such as Rwanda to quash such demands by promoting other tribes into positions of power only succeeded in creating civil tension. Additionally, the two World Wars had resulted in an economic weakening of most colonial powers, and thus the need for them to focus on rebuilding their own countries and not colonies. All these factors combined with the growth of a group of learned individuals from colonised communities, necessitated decolonisation. Therefore, colonisation did not end because colonisers were tired of being in power but because of other circumstances; consequently, decolonisation was not a product of the realisation of the need for each country to have its sovereignty. This realisation then invalidates the argument that colonialism ended with decolonisation, and instead creates a perspective that decolonisation transformed colonialism. Social systems, economic structures and governance approaches in most countries are founded on ideologies from their former colonial rulers. Prior to colonisation, a majority of these countries had traditional governments and social systems such as education, which could not be relevant or applicable in the current society. Therefore, the departure of colonialists did not signify a breakaway from the knowledge they had passed to locals in their colonies. Additionally, previous activities such as female circumcision have been proven by science as being harmful and ineffective in regards to their intended solutions. The debate, therefore, is whether such an adoption of colonial systems signifies an extension of colonisersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ authority. In some former colonies, the use of Western or European cultural norms is considered as retrogressing to the colonial period. Leaders that believe nationalism is a separation from all that is attributable to colonial masters fuel this perc eption. Such a perception and leadership philosophy, however, is a falsehood. During pre-colonial periods, interactions between local communities resulted in cultural exchanges: in Africa, some of these interactions involved war, whose attribute of violence is similar to that of colonialism. Nonetheless, the locals adopted foreign norms without ever perceiving such an exchange as making them subjects of another community; this is because these exchanges were based on an understanding that each culture needed to constantly evolve to remain beneficial to its people. Therefore, an assertion that adoption of colonial powersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ cultural practices is an extension of colonialism is wrong. One of the 21st centuryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s phenomena is globalization, which has increased interconnectivity between re...

Bromination of Benzene Synthesis and Purification of...

BROMINATION OF BENZENE SYNTHESIS AND PURIFICATION OF BROMOBENZENE: PROCEDURE DATA TABLE Chemicalnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Boiling point Cnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Melting Point Cnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Density g/mLnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Solubility Benzenenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;80.1nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;5.5nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;0.88nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Slightly in H2O Toluenenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;110.6nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-93nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;0.87nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Slightly in H2O†¦show more content†¦Synthesis of Bromobenzene: Set up a reflux and place in a cold-water bath. In addition to setting up the reflux apparatus, set up an inverted funnel gas trap. This will collect the hydrogen bromide gas in the water and not in our lungs when the reflux takes place. Pour 2.3 mL of benzene in the round bottom flask of the reflux apparatus. After this, pour the iron (III) bromide (FeBr3) into the same round bottom flask. If there is a vigorous initial reaction, wait until this has almost stopped and then heat the water bath to a temperature of 25-30O C to initiate the reflux. Reflux at this temperature for an hour. After an hour has passed, raise the temperature of the water to 65-70O C, and allow refluxing for about 45 minutes. At this point, the color of the liquid should be dark. At this point, the reaction between the benzene and the bromide molecules should be complete. Purification of Bromobenzene: Transfer this liquid to a separatory funnel, and shake and vent with a 10% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The lower layer should be the bromobenzene layer. Drain this layer out into a beaker. Add water to the liquids in the separatory funnel, and again shake and vent to ensure the absence of bromide. Drain if necessary. After the extraction, the bromobenzene solution needs to be dried. Again, put anhydrous calcium chloride into a beaker with the bromobenzene and shake. Set aside for about 30 minutes. Decant this solution, and filter this

The Theory Of Personality Traits - 1948 Words

The study of personality is very important in the field of psychology because it aims to provide an account for individuality of human beings (Pervin and John, 1999). There are many psychological definitions which attempt to explain personality in terms of characteristics or typical qualities of an individual. Gordon Allport, defined it as â€Å"a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person’s characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts and feelings’ (Allport, 1961, p. 11). Throughout the existence of this idea, psychologists have attempted to find ways to assess personality, creating different tests and theories, for example the Big Five Model of personality traits. This model, also known as the Five Factor Model (FFM), included five main personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. The FFM was developed by Costa and McCrae (1985; 1989; 1992; 1997), who are argued to be the most distinguished psychologists in the area of personality. One of the main criticisms of this model is that it isn’t universal across all cultures and that it is not the right approach to assessing personality among different cultures of the world. Culture is very important in the area of psychology and there have been many definitions of it throughout the centuries. Edward Burnett Tyler (1871/1996), a British anthropologist, is believed to have offered the first definition of culture in his field of study. HeShow MoreRelatedPersonality Traits And Theories Of Personality1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe term personality has been defined several times in different ways throughout the history of psychology. A definition that captures much of what is meant by personality was described as â€Å"more or less stable, internal factors that make one person’s behaviour consistent from one time to another, and different from the behaviour other people would manifest in comparable situations† by Child (1968) (Eysenck, 1994). This defi nition is very broad and it includes personality traits as well as intelligenceRead MoreThe Trait Theory Of Personality Essay778 Words   |  4 PagesESSAY TOPIC: Describe the trait theory of personality. Select one â€Å"factor† or â€Å"trait† from a prominent trait theory and discuss the relative strengths and weaknesses of someone who strongly exhibits this trait. 1. Introduction Traits are described as the unique and constant characteristic tendencies that shape and influence a person’s mood and behaviour (Ewen 2013, p. 110; Olesen, Thomsen O’Toole 2015, p. 45). 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Personality is both an individual experience, as each person experiences specific combinations that are unique, and a global experience, as humans often share similar traits (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014). As humanity has expanded, so has interest in discovering what causes the developments of specific personality traits. While some have believed that personality is strictlyRead MoreEssay on The Trait Theory of Personality2121 Words   |  9 PagesThe study of personality traits is beneficial in identifying the many variables that exist from human to human; the combinations of these variables provide us with a true level of individuality and uniquene ss. In the field of psychology, trait theory is considered to be a key approach to the study of human personality (Crowne, 2007; Burton, Westen Kowalski, 2009). This paper aims to identify a number of significant contributors who have played crucial roles in both the development and applicationRead MoreCharacteristics Theories Of Personality Traits907 Words   |  4 Pages Traits perspectives The Five-Factor model is a condensed representation of different types of personalities. The emerging consensus is that the structure of personality may incorporate five superordinate factors (Carver Scheier, 2012). Traits, in general, have been used to denote consistent patterns of behavior, especially expressive or stylistic behavior (John Robins, 2008). Trait psychologists focus on the variety of traits. On the other hand, motive psychologistRead MoreTrait Theory and Brand Personality Framework1679 Words   |  7 Pagesabout Trait Theory and Brand Personality Framework in personality. Details of the two theories will be explained first, along with some real examples of how firms make use of personality traits to strengthen their brands. The shortcomings of the two existing theories will then be analyzed, and some measures developed by recent researchers will be introduced in order to overcome the weaknesses. I chose this topic because I am interested in psychology and p ersonality traits. Many personality testsRead MoreBig Five Theory Of Personality Traits955 Words   |  4 PagesAmong the many established trait theories, the most widely known and used is the Big Five Theory of Personality Traits. It is a five-factor model composed of the broad personality traits of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. There are a variety of ways to assess one’s broad dimensions of personality in these five categories. One of which is Psych Central’s personality assessment that consists of fifty questions in which there is a statement ofRead MoreGordon Allport : Personality Psychology And Trait Theory718 Words   |  3 PagesNovember 11, 1897, is considered the founder of â€Å"personality psychology† and â€Å"trait theory†. Allport, just like any other psychologist, had his own definition on what personality is. According to Allport, â€Å" no two psychologists could easily agree on one definition of the term ‘personality’† (Kendall, 2010, p. 282), Allport believed that personality could be characterized in two ways, idiographic and nomothetic; while Freud believed that personality is composed by the Id, Ego and Superego. AllportRead MoreDefensive Personality Studied through Personality Psychology Trait Theories755 Words   |  4 PagesA person with a defensive personality may feel as though they are being attacked and to cope with it they need to defend their choice of words and actions when they are dealing with other individuals. My younger sister, Carlee, has a defensive personality. We have the same mother, but different fathers. This caused us to be raised in different situations. She has moved around a lot, going from my dad’s house, to our mom’s house, and to her dad’s house. She did not have a set place where she

A Study in Cruelty free essay sample

An examination of the treatment of children and the human rights they possess. This paper takes the reader on an exploratory journey through the topic of rights and responsibilities as related to child developmental stages. The paper provides a child profile and examines the development from the standpoint of several theorists. In addition the concept of human rights is discussed as well as the rights of a child specifically. Often times children think they are much more grownup than they actually are. We see them trying to be adults when they are still only children. Our job as adults is to guide them through their childhood and try and get them to wait for certain developmental stages before embarking on the next set of goals and tasks. We try our best and are successful the majority of the time, but what happens when it fails and the child commits an adult act? Do we continue to treat her as a child or do we recognize the fact that she made an adult decisions and stand by her for the outcome?

Transformations in Gone with the Wind Essay Example For Students

Transformations in Gone with the Wind Essay Gone with the Wind is a famous novel which was written by Margaret Mitchell, first published in 1936, and adapted to film with the same name in 1939. Both film and novel received positive appraises from adorers all over the world. It is the story of progress of a girl named Scarlett O’Hara from the spoiled daughter of a well-to-do plantation owner to a commercially successful businesswoman who fought for her familys sake during the Civil War and the days of Reconstruction. The name of the novel â€Å"Gone with the Wind† was one of the most curious things that readers always wrestle with while reading or watching it. We will write a custom essay on Transformations in Gone with the Wind specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Consequently, what has really gone with the wind? To understand what things have gone with the wind, at first, we need to mention the setting of the novel. The story takes place in Georgia, mostly in Atlanta, during the Civil War of the 1860s. However, important sections also take place in Tara, the plantation home of the O’Hara family. The story begins with the Civil War and expands seven or eight years after the war, a period during which the old south with its elegance, wealth and aristocratic traditions is subjected to a federally plan called Radical Reconstruction. Atlanta is first burned and then reestablished by Yankees who prosper while southerners who stick hopelessly to the old traditions in proud poverty. The setting of any novel normally affects the entire story, and so does â€Å"Gone with the Wind. † During and following the war, there is a shortage of everything, even necessities such as food, water, clothes, and shelter. People have the instinct to survive so they need to do as many things as possible to help themselves. Characters in the story need to adjust to live in the county of destruction. Their lifestyle, tradition, and code of honor need to be replaced by the survival effort. After analyzing effects that setting have, we are going to our first and only question: â€Å"What has gone with the wind? † Actually, the title of the novel was cautiously taken from the poem of Dowson, â€Å"Cynara. † In the poem â€Å"Cynara,† â€Å"gone with the wind† refers to the loss of love. In the novel, Scarlett OHara uses the phrase when she wonders if her home on a plantation called Tara is still standing or if it is gone with the wind which had swept through Georgia. In my opinion, what has gone with the wind is the dream of the Southerners about a prosperous civilization with old traditions that would last forever but now have been swept away by the wind of war. The change in the face of the South firstly expresses through the change of the lifestyle here. There used to be many splendid families which were white and wealthy with large fertility plantations. However, when the war happened, the Yankees used Tara to devastate the plantation, strip it of food, the house of Wilkes was destroyed and the O’Hara house had nothing to eat. The war also steals many lives in Tara, including people to Scarlett. The life always surrounded by parties through all days and nights which never had to bother about the poverty or food had gone for good. The southern residents need to give up all old tradition to work to support themselves and their families. Scarlett must get rid of everything in order to survive – marriage without love to get money, manslaughter not to endanger her family. Another change clearly showed up is the alternatives of class structure. .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31 , .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31 .postImageUrl , .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31 , .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31:hover , .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31:visited , .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31:active { border:0!important; } .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31:active , .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31 .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c63662c5e523e0e4fc875109698de31:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: O Brother Where Art Thou EssayThe traditional severe class structure of the South is broken by the war. Before the war, the plantation owners are at the top of the social hierarchy, superior to everyone even their overseers and in turn are placed above the slaves. Slaves are of bottom hierarchy. The war, in which plantations are destroyed and slaves freed, weakens this hierarchy. Those who were high are brought low, and those who were low but have some valuable ability have the chance to rise in the new society. The role of men and women in society also have a dramatic alternative. The pre-war South is a place of strict gender division. Certain roles were pointed to men and women, the men take charge of the plantation and the women are taught to attract rich men or be in charge of the household and the welfare of the slaves. The war occurs so that just the strongest and most adaptable can become the ones to make income, and sometimes these are women, not men any longer, such as Scarlett. Though Scarlett is criticized by the Old Atlanta society for her unwomanly behavior in running her own businesses, the war is likely to make a woman break out of her traditional gender role such a thing would have been silly previously. Scarlett begins to talk and work like a man, controls Tara, helps Ashley and his family out, and hires Ashley at her mill, all activities that are traditionally the role of the male. The change in Southerners is also represented in the loss love of Scarlett with Ashley. Because Ashley typically represents the Old South, Scarlett’s loss of Ashley therefore reflects the South’s loss of its aristocratic customs. Rhett, who represents a new future for the South, is a new choice for Scarlett. Scarlett with her desire for more personal freedom than old custom lets her find herself struggling to choose between Ashley Wilkes and Rhett Butler, just as the southern civilization finds itself struggling to choose between its traditional culture and values of land and slave-driven agriculture, and the new northern way of life driven by the industrial economy and individual freedom. Gone with the wind is the film and story about when the American South was swept away by the war. Through the life of Scarlett O’Hara, the whole process of being destroyed and reconstructed of the South was lively recreated in the most amazing way. It’s almost 80 years from the day it was first released but its influence still exists and also grows stronger. Gone with the Wind is definitely the eternal statue in the mind of fans all over the world despite the sand of time. Bibliography: Gone with the wind analysis. (2008, 6 11). Retrieved from shmoop study guides web site: http://www.shmoop.com/gone-with-the-wind/ Gone with the wind in depth. (2006). Retrieved from Novel guide web site: http://www.novelguide.com/gone-with-the-wind Gone with the wind novel. (2015, Marc 31). Retrieved from wikipedia web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind Margaret Mitchell : American Rebel. (2012, Marc 12). Retrieved from Pbs web site: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/margaret-mitchell-american-rebel/interview-with-margaret-mitchell-from-1936/2011/ Mitchell, M. (1936). In M. Margaret, Gone with the wind (p. 1037). Macmillan Publishers. Ruff, D. K. (2004). Gone with the wind study guide. Retrieved from thebestnotes web site: http://thebestnotes.com/booknotes/Gone_With_The_Wind/Gone_With_The_Wind01.html

Battle of Fallen Timbers - Northwest Indian War

Battle of Fallen Timbers - Northwest Indian War The Battle of Fallen Timbers was fought August 20, 1794 and was the final battle of the Northwest Indian War (1785-1795). As part of the treaty ending the American Revolution, Great Britain ceded to the new United States the lands over the Appalachian Mountains as far west as the Mississippi River. In Ohio, several Native American tribes came together in 1785, to form the Western Confederacy with the goal of dealing jointly with the United States. The following year, they decided that the Ohio River would serve as the border between their lands and the Americans. In the mid-1780s, the Confederacy began a series of raids south of the Ohio into Kentucky to discourage settlement. Conflict on the Frontier To deal with the threat posed by the Confederacy, President George Washington instructed Brigadier General Josiah Harmar to attack into Shawnee and Miami lands with the goal of destroying the village of Kekionga (present-day Fort Wayne, IN). As the US Army had essentially been disbanded after the American Revolution, Harmar marched west with a small force of regulars and approximately 1,100 militia. Fighting two battles in October 1790, Harmar was defeated by Confederacy warriors led by Little Turtle and Blue Jacket. St. Clairs Defeat The following year, another force was dispatched under Major General Arthur St. Clair.  Preparations for the campaign began in early 1791 with the goal of moving north to take the Miami capital of Kekionga. Though Washington advised St. Clair to march during the warmer summer months, incessant supply problems and logistical issues delayed the expeditions departure until October. When St. Clair departed Fort Washington (present-day Cincinnati, OH), he possessed around 2,000 men of which only 600 were regulars. Attacked by Little Turtle, Blue Jacket, and  Buckongahelas on November 4, St. Clairs army was routed. In the battle, his command lost 632 killed/captured and 264 wounded. In addition, almost all of the 200 camp followers, many of whom had fought alongside the soldiers, were killed. Of the 920 soldiers who entered the fight, only 24 emerged uninjured. In the victory, Little Turtles force only sustained 21 killed and 40 wounded. With a casualty rate of 97.4%, the Battle of the Wabash marked the worst defeat in the history of the US Army.   Armies Commanders United States Major General Anthony Wayne3,000 men Western Confederacy Blue JacketBuckongahelasLittle Turtle1,500 men Wayne Prepares In 1792, Washington turned to Major General Anthony Wayne and asked him build a force capable of defeating the Confederacy. An aggressive Pennsylvanian, Wayne had repeatedly distinguished himself during the American Revolution. At the suggestion of Secretary of War Henry Knox, the decision was made recruit and train a legion which would combine light and heavy infantry with artillery and cavalry. This concept was approved by Congress which agreed to augment the small standing army for the duration of the conflict with the Native Americans. Moving quickly, Wayne commenced assembling a new force near Ambridge, PA at a camp dubbed Legionville. Realizing that previous forces had lacked training and discipline, Wayne spent much of 1793 drilling and instructing his men.   Titling his army the Legion of the United States, Waynes force consisted of four sub-legions, each commanded by a lieutenant colonel. These contained of two battalions of infantry, a battalion of riflemen/skirmishers, a troop of dragoons, and a battery of artillery. The self-contained structure of the sub-legions meant they could operate effectively on their own.   Moving to Battle In late 1793, Wayne shifted his command down the Ohio to Fort Washington (present-day Cincinnati, OH). From here, units moved north as Wayne built a series of forts to protect his supply lines and the settlers in his rear. As Waynes 3,000 men moved north, Little Turtle became concerned about the Confederacys ability to defeat him. Following an exploratory attack near Fort Recovery in June 1794, Little Turtle began to advocate in favor of negotiating with the US. Rebuffed by the Confederacy, Little Turtle ceded complete command to Blue Jacket. Moving to confront Wayne, Blue Jacket assumed a defensive position along the Maumee River near a copse of fallen trees and close to British-held Fort Miami. It was hoped that the fallen trees would slow the advance of Waynes men. The Americans Strike On August 20, 1794, the lead elements of Waynes command came under fire from Confederacy forces.   Quickly assessing the situation, Wayne deployed the his troops with his infantry led by Brigadier General James Wilkinson on the right and Colonel John Hamtramck on the left.   The Legions cavalry guarded the American right while brigade of mounted Kentuckians protected the other wing.   As the terrain appeared to preclude the effective use of cavalry, Wayne ordered his infantry to mount a bayonet attack to flush the enemy from the fallen trees.   This done, they could be effectively dispatched with musket fire. Advancing, the superior discipline of Waynes troops quickly began to tell and the Confederacy was soon forced out of its position. Starting to break, they began to flee the field when the American cavalry, charging over the fallen trees, joined the fray. Routed, the Confederacys warriors fled towards Fort Miami hoping that the British would provide protection. Arriving there found the gates closed as the forts commander did not wish to start a war with the Americans. As the Confederacys men fled, Wayne ordered his troops to burn all of the villages and crops in the area and then withdrawal to Fort Greenville. Aftermath Impact In the fighting at Fallen Timbers, Waynes Legion lost 33 dead and 100 wounded. Reports conflict regarding the Confederacys casualties, with Wayne claiming 30-40 dead on the field to the British Indian Department stating 19. The victory at Fallen Timbers ultimately led to the signing of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, which ended the conflict and removed all Confederacy claims to Ohio and the surrounding lands. Among those Confederacy leaders who refused to sign the treaty was Tecumseh, who would renew the conflict ten years later.

Voc wk 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Voc wk 7 - Essay Example In these cases, the consultant is looked at as an expert. The career coach seems to expand the role of the career counselor by combining several types of consulting processes. Career coaches put themselves in mentoring roles with their clients and they seem to be more business oriented. Some of the things that career coaches do is guide a client towards making better career goals, help them create strategies to make more money and make them more valuable to their boss (Simpson, 2006). In using these models with clients, I would concentrate on helping my clients identify their strengths and weaknesses using career coaching. This would help the client take more control of their own career needs. As a consultant, I would work with groups rather than individuals because it seems that groups and organizations are more conducive to consulting. When comparing the roles of a career counselor in consulting, coaching, and supervision, there are many distinctive similarities and differences. The focus of these three is similar in that they all work with people. With consulting and coaching, the client is more important. In supervision, the focus is on the counselor and their performance. In consulting, the focus is on developing a plan that will help the clients personal functioning. Coaching is more action oriented than the other two and is focused on specific interventions for specific clients. The goals of the three roles are to provide feedback in some way. As a consultant, the role is to "advise and educate" (Simpson, 2006, p. 247) the consultee. In coaching, the coach engages actively with the client to identify their skills, goals, and talents to show them how to maximize their potential. In supervision, the supervisor provides feedback to the counselor to help them improve their skills to better serve their clients (Simpson, 2006). When looking at the examples, both consulting and coaching worked directly with professional clients who wanted to

FRANK LlOYD WRIGHT Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

FRANK LlOYD WRIGHT - Term Paper Example But Wright was not interested in staying at the university and left in 1887 to work for J.L Silsbee in Chicago. Wright worked under Silsbee learning architectural detail. It was here that he drafted the construction of his first building, the Unity Chapel. Wright then moved on to work in the firm of Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan, where he not only progressed to become chief assistant to Sullivan but also met and then married his first wife Catherine Tobin. Wright was He worked here until 1893 and then opened his own architectural practice where he worked for the next five years. In 1909 Wright moved to Germany but returned in 1911. He then moved to Spring Green with Mamah Borthwick Cheney to work on a piece of ancestral land his mother had given him. It was here that Wright constructed one of his famous works, Taliesin. However in 1914, one of their servants went insane and tragically murdered Cheney and six others, thereby destroying what Wright had so lovingly built, but he refu sed to allow it to stop him and to the surprise of many, ended up rebuilding Taliesin. Wright eventually began spreading his influence and in 1914 he was asked to build the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. In 1932, Wright converted Taliesin into an architectural fellowship where 30 young students paid to become his apprentices and learn from him. It was also during this particular period that Wright married his third wife Olivanna Milanoff. Eventually however as Wright began getting older, he desired living in a warmer more comfortable climate and therefore, in 1937, moved from Wisconsin to Phoenix Arizona. Here, Wright built Taliesin West which served the same purpose as Taliesin, i.e. an architectural fellowship where students could pay to learn from him. Wright spent a happy 20 years here but in 1959, at the age of 92, Wright died. Fallingwater Fallingwater or Kaufman residence is considered one of the most famous works of Frank Lloyd Wright. It was constructed in 1935 as the residence o f the wealthy Pittsburg businessman, Edward Kaufmann, with construction taking a little more than two years, and the house being complete by October 1937. It is one of the most recognizable images of modern architecture, marked by the waterfall running beneath the house and strongly characterized by distinctive horizontal and vertical lines. The house is breathtakingly admired not only for its general beauty and picturesque location but rather by the seamless integration between these two things, i.e. man-made architecture and the natural surroundings it is located it. Stone and reinforced concrete were the two materials used to make most of the house. The floors and ceilings were all made from reinforced concrete but there were raised stone slabs on the floor and the walls too were made of rough, untreated stone. This gave the house a very natural yet modern look, with a mixture of natural wood, concrete and stone, complemented by glass enhancing its natural appeal. Wright understo od the balance between wanting to be with nature as well as wanting to be sheltered from it and so he made big, broad windows of glass on the exterior so that the water and the nature around the house would be clearly visible but he then made sure the

President of the United States of America Essay Example for Free

President of the United States of America Essay The year 2008 saw the growth and emergence of various cultures around the world. This progression was however affected and sometimes hampered by the various global economic and political occurrences that defined the year 2008. The beginning of 2008 witnessed elections and consequent political instability in Zimbabwe which defined the global political system tremendously. This elections, which were characterized by allegations of rigging and foul-play caused global cries against the incumbent president in Zimbabwe, sanctions were imposed on the country thereby sending the country deeper into economic turmoil. These actions affected the global interaction of cultures in the sense that many Zimbabweans and Africans felt that the Western world was trying to impose its political culture on Africans who enjoy their culture to a great extent. This feeling of culture imposition from the Western world brought into Africa rejection of the Western culture irrespective of the goodness of the culture(David, K. 72-75) The middle of 2008 witnessed the ‘heating up’ of the most dramatic elections in the United States of America. This American election had an immense effect on culture around the world because the favorite candidate in the election, Senator Barrack Obama, had various ethnic backgrounds. Born to a Kenyan father and an American mother, Barrack has been viewed as the ideal world representative. His background and connection to the Asian ethnic community, to a great extent, complements his worldly representation. Consequently, this favorite candidate for the United States presidency, who represented various cultures around the world, emerged victorious because in him, Americans and the world felt represented in the affairs of the world politics. This election and the subsequent win of Barrack Obama for the White House cemented the cultural diversity of the American people and brought other foreign cultures to fame and scrutiny. This American election and the subsequent win for Barrack Obama as President of the United States of America, went a long way to encourage and promote inter-cultural integration around the world through marriage and lifestyle(David, K. 80-82) The end of the year 2008 witnessed a most devastating slump in the global economy as the world faced the credit crunch instigated by the mortgage crisis in the United States of America. This global economic melt-down led to a decrease in travel and purchasing power of individuals. Therefore, there was a significant reduction in global interaction thereby causing a reduction in inter-cultural interaction. The reduction in the purchasing power caused a slump in global trade which is a key component of global interaction. This also therefore reduced cultural interaction on the global stage. The closing of 2008 witnessed the biggest political crisis of the year, the Middle East Crisis. This crisis has had a devastating effect on the global cultural integration due to its ever changing form of violence. Many times, the violence is political with the Palestinians and the Israelites being the two aggressors. Sometimes, the crisis takes a religious angle with the Palestinians representing the Muslim faction while the Israelites represent the Jews. This Middle East crisis has therefore slowed down cultural interaction from the political and the religious angles(David, K. 93-96) Analysis of Arts and Culture in 2008 The year 2008 showed the different effects on arts and culture by the political, economic and religious happenings around the world. The year just showed us how vulnerable global arts and culture is to extinction, and at the same time prosperity, thanks to the global economic, political and religious dispensation. Through political, economic and religious development, global arts and culture flourished and sometimes reduced to a very low point. This fact therefore poses a challenge to every human around the world to ensure the flourishing of global arts and culture by allowing and maintaining political, economic and religious stability. The future of global arts and culture as defined by 2008 is uncertain. The future lies in the choices of men. The right choices will lead to the positive development of arts and culture while the wrong choices will lead to negative developments. The future is unpredictable and uncertain†¦it lies in our choices(David, K. 100-103) Arts in Global Interaction Arts can play a huge role in global interaction. Through arts, experiences are shared throughout the world. For instance, tourists travel all over the world and are welcomed by different cultures which they end up assimilating with. They are attracted by the unique nature of the different cultures and styles and some end up purchasing commodities from those cultures which they take back home. This art work gives the tourists a story to tell to their loved ones back in their homes. Therefore, through the making and selling of art work, one individual from one global destination earns a living, while others from various other destinations get entertained and have a story to share(David, K. 109-114). Indigenous Development of Talent In the current global village, local talent has great potential of developing into independent industries. Different culture and art forms are always appealing. If the local talent can be given space to develop and grow, the global market always has room for accommodating new art works thereby creating employment and income for millions of people around the world who represent the various art and cultural backgrounds. This arts and cultural talent can be developed through national arts and cultural exhibitions where the arts and cultures are showcased to the rest of the world. These exhibitions should also develop business systems that can support trade and therefore enable the artistes to earn a decent living. This is the only way to ensure sustenance of the various arts represented by people around the world(David, K. 112-118). Survey into the Main Global Initiatives on Arts, Culture and Society A small survey can be carried out to give a deeper understanding into matters affecting arts and culture with the following specifics: Purpose Statement: the world at large need to take up the responsibility of promoting arts and culture through ensuring political, economical and religious stability. Hypothesis: arts and culture thrive in a world of political, economical and religious stability. Objective: To study the effect of politics, economics and religion on arts and culture. The findings of the survey can then be recorded and analyzed to give a comprehensive conclusion to the survey. Work cited David, Kilcullen. (2007). â€Å"Ethics, Politics, and Non-State Warfare: A Response to Gonzalez. † Anthropology Today vol. 23, no. 3. pg 56-120

the fall of rome :: essays research papers

The Fall of Rome   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Did the Roman Empire deserve to Fall? No, The achievements of the Roman Empire were unmatched at its time. Many things it accomplished are ideas and ways of life that did not become widespread until after its fall. The Roman Empire would have made the advancement of people in Europe much faster.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Roman Empire was the most modern ancient empire. It made many advancements in the arts and sciences. It had many great poets, philosophers, artists, and engineers. The Romans encouraged learning and supported any who endeavored to make discoveries or technological improvement. If the Roman Empire had not fallen, the world, from a scientific stand point would be very different today. The Roman Empire would have made discoveries and scientific advancements before the Dark Ages. During the Dark Ages no scientific studies or appreciation of the arts took place. For almost an entire millennium humans made no advancements. The barbarians, who destroyed Rome, destroyed it to take its wealth not its knowledge. The knowledge that was lost was not resurrected until the Renaissance. Technological improvement was at a standstill. If the Roman empire had lasted, Europe would not have fallen into that dark period. Rome would have kept modernizing. Today, we could be at a te chnological level we may not reach for many years. The Romans made advancements in the field of medicine. Today we could have had cures for many diseases had the empire not fallen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Roman empire was a democracy. It was one of the first of its kind. It could have stood as a model for all the kingdoms and monarchies across the world. Human rights were existent at Rome hundreds of years before any other place around the world. The Roman people were represented in their government and had power. Many people around the world who were persecuted under dictators and monarchies could have looked at Rome as an example of what a better form of government is. It took the rest of the world more than another millennia to form another democracy. The Roman Government had three parts. These three parts used a system of checks and balances just as a modern democracy does today. The first government to adopt this system since Rome was England, when it adopted its two houses of parliament. After the fall of Rome, anarchy took place in the parts of Europe that it occupied.

The Telephone

The Telephone â€Å"Before the telephone came to Magdaluna, Im Kaleem’s house was bustling at just about any time of day, especially at night, when its windows were brightly lit with three large oil lamps, and the loud voices of the men talking, laughing, and arguing could be heard in the street below—a reassuring, homey sound† Anwar F. Accawi (p. 46). It’s hard to imagine that a single device such as the telephone, albeit a breakthrough in technology, could change not only a person’s day to day life, but an entire village.These men in the village experienced all of the luxuries the village had to offer at no cost, Im Kaleem provided the men with a place to gather for conversation, games, drinks and sexual services. The children used to hang around Ima Kaleem’s courtyard playing games waiting for a call down from some of the men requesting errands in exchange for money.But that all changed once the telephone was installed, most of the men wou ld now sit at Abu Raja’s store, â€Å"they were always looking up from their games and drinks and talk to glance at the phone in the corner, as if expecting it to ring any minute and bring news that would change their lives and deliver them from their aimless existence†. (p. 46) Exposure to the telephone not only affected the men in the village, but it also affected the women, children and their entire way of life.I get very excited to hear about, read about or experience new technology, and I grew up surrounded by a constant emergence of technology, from pagers and cell phones to the home pc. I remember when we bought our first computer, they were just becoming a common household device, my dad came home from the store and asked me to hold the door open while he trucked in these huge boxes, I had never seen my dad so excited about struggling and sweating while moving things in the house.I had no idea what was in those boxes, but I became curious and excited as my dad opened the boxes and removed all the packaging, taking everything out piece by piece. Watching my dad fumble around with the instructions and all the wires in anticipation of something big happening made me super excited and I had no idea what this even was. â€Å"You can do almost anything you can imagine with this thing† he said to me in a very animated voice. To me it just looked like a television sitting on a desk, I started to become bored of watching this spaghetti of wires get connected one at a time at a very agonizing pace.My dad was determined and after what seemed like hours of running back and forth between the wires and the instructions, he looked over at me with a huge smile on his face as he powered the computer on. â€Å"I’m finished† he exclaimed, â€Å"now let’s see with this thing can do† he said. He wasn’t kidding, this was amazing, you could send electronic mail that could be opened by the other person instantly, you cou ld listen to music, instant message, play games with someone from another country, it seemed that there was nothing this device could not do. It was limitless with opportunity and could take you anywhere your imagination would allow.So I am not surprised that when this tiny village, that did not have the simple things in life such as a calendars, clocks or even running water, were so influenced by the arrival of the telephone. This gave the people new hopes and dreams, it gave them an opportunity to experience new things and find out what the outside world was doing and could offer. â€Å"Within a year, only the sick, the old, and the maimed were left in the village. Magdaluna became a skeleton of its former self, desolate and forsaken, like the tombs, a place to get away from†. Anwar F. Accawi(p. 7) The calls eventually came in as expected and people started leaving the village for new opportunities, some went into the army while others went to explore new jobs. All of them left looking for a better life than the one they had in the village. With new technology comes new opportunity, I’m not saying that newer is always better, but it can open you up to things you never thought possible. It can provide you with choices that you never had before. I believe in the end Accawi was happy with the way his life turned out but reminisced of how he loved his life as a young boy in the village.

Motives Behind Genocide Genocide Negatively Affects...

Sarah Hawes Bombard 10, November 2015 Motives behind Genocide â€Å"Genocide negatively affects perpetrators by perpetuating distorted thinking about the self and others, including cognitions that dehumanize those who are targeted† (qtd. in â€Å"Resolution against Genocide†). Genocide causes millions of innocent individuals and families to be tortured and murdered in numerous inhumane ways. The violence that is used in genocide is caused by the false beliefs inside ones mind. Eugenics, socioeconomic statuses, and racism are three of many factors that contribute to the motives that inspire genocide. The New Oxford Dictionary defines Eugenics as, â€Å"the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics†. The desire to create a perfect human is impossible no matter how hard people try. The world is an imperfect place filled with imperfect people. The science of eugenics gives a false hope of what can ac tually be done. Eugenics will drive people to eliminate races who do not fit into the desirable characteristics that must be present in order to create and improve the perfect human population. Aspirations of eugenics can inspire genocide. For example, Adolf Hitler who is responsible for the genocide of millions of Jews had the mindset of eugenics. In the book, â€Å"The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution†, communicates: â€Å"†¦scientists and physicians advocated†¦how†¦eugenic theories wereShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesbringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the prese nt book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new

Rajasaurus, the Deadly Indian Dinosaur

Also known as theropods, meat-eating dinosaurs—including raptors, tyrannosaurs, carnosaurs, and too many other -saurs to list here—had a wide distribution during the later Mesozoic Era, from about 100 to 65 million years ago. An otherwise unremarkable predator, except for its small head crest, Rajasaurus lived in what is now modern-day India, not a very fruitful location for fossil discoveries. It has taken over 20 years to reconstruct this dinosaur from its scattered remains, discovered in Gujarat in the early 1980s. (Dinosaur fossils are relatively rare in India, which helps explain why the regal word Raja, meaning prince, was bestowed on this carnivore. Oddly enough, the most common Indian fossils are ancestral whales dating from the Eocene epoch, millions of years after the dinosaurs went extinct!) Why did Rajasaurus possess a head crest, a rare feature in carnivores that weighed in the one-ton-and-over range? The most likely explanation is that this was a sexually selected characteristic, since colorfully crested Rajasaurus males (or females) were more attractive to the opposite sex during mating season—thus helping to propagate this trait through succeeding generations. Its also worth noting that Carnotaurus, a close contemporary of Rajasaurus from South America, is the only identified meat-eating dinosaur with horns; perhaps there was something in the evolutionary air back then that selected for this characteristic. It may also be the case that the crest of Rajasaurus flushed pink (or some other color) as a means of signaling other pack members. Now that weve established that Rajasaurus was a meat-eater, what, exactly, did this dinosaur eat? Given the paucity of Indian dinosaur fossils, we can only speculate, but a good candidate would be titanosaurs—the gigantic, four-legged, small-brained dinosaurs that had a global distribution during the later Mesozoic Era. Clearly, a dinosaur the size of Rajasaurus couldnt hope to take down a full-grown titanosaur all by itself, but its possible that this theropod hunted in packs, or that it picked off newly hatched, elderly, or injured individuals. Like other dinosaurs of its kind, Rajasaurus probably preyed opportunistically on smaller ornithopods and even on its fellow theropods; for all we know, it may even have been an occasional cannibal. Rajasaurus has been classified as a type of large theropod known as an abelisaur, and was thus closely related to the eponymous member of this genus, the South American Abelisaurus. It was also close kin to the  comically short-armed Carnotaurus mentioned above and the supposed cannibal dinosaur Majungasaurus from Madagascar. The family resemblance can be explained by the fact that India and South America (as well as Africa and Madagascar) were joined together in the giant continent Gondwana during the early Cretaceous period, when the last common ancestor of these dinosaurs lived. Name: Rajasaurus (Hindi/Greek for prince lizard); pronounced RAH-jah-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of India Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (70-65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 30 feet long and one ton Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Moderate size; bipedal posture; distinctive crest on head

An Explanation Of Child Protection Within The Wider...

1.2: An explanation of child protection within the wider concept of safeguarding children and young people: Safeguarding children and young people is important as it extends beyond child protection and it includes more wide-ranging concepts. Safeguarding children and young people means we are protecting them from all sorts of harm such as accidents, deliberate abuse, neglect and even factors such as bullying, prejudiced attitudes and failure on allowing children to participate in different activities etc. The wider concepts of safeguarding means that we are protecting children from maltreatment, we are preventing impairment of children s health or development, we are ensuring that children are growing up in circumstances consistent with the provision of safe and effective care and also taking action in order to enable all children and young people to have the best outcomes. Child protection is also an important part of safeguarding and promoting welfare. Staying safe action plan 2008 highlighted a number of areas that were of concern: †¢ Road safety †¢ Child abuse †¢ Disabled children and young people †¢ Bullying †¢ Using the internet †¢ Substance misuse †¢ Missing children UNICEF refers to child protection as preventing and responding to all violence, exploitation and abuse against children. This also includes sexual exploitation, trafficking, child labor and any harmful practices such as female genital mutilation/ cutting and child marriages. Child protection means weShow MoreRelatedAn Explanation Of Child Protection Within The Wider Concept Of Safeguarding Children1920 Words   |  8 PagesAn explanation of child protection within the wider concept of safeguarding children and young people. â€Å"Safeguarding is protecting vulnerable adults or children from abuse or neglect. It means making sure people are supported to get good access to health care and stay well. It is wrong if vulnerable people are not treated by professionals with the same respect as other patients. It is making sure that people are supported to have full and happy lives. It is making sure that people get safe and empoweringRead MoreThe Main Current Legislation Guidelines Policies and Procedures Within Own Uk Home Nation for Safeguarding Children and Young People.1587 Words   |  7 Pagespolicies and procedures within own UK home nation for safeguarding children and young people. Children’s order 2005 †¢ Simplify laws that protected children and young people in respective UK countries. †¢ Seen as a serious shake up to children rights and protection †¢ Made it clear to everyone that worked with children what their duties were †¢ Shows them how to work together when there is allegations of child abuse Children’s act 2004 †¢ In 2003 it was clear services for children still weren’t workingRead MoreSafeguarding Tasks1444 Words   |  6 Pagesminimum upon which every child and young person should be able to depend.Protection of Children in England ‘A progress report 12th March 2009’ | 1. Make a booklet†¢ an outline of current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people†¢ an analysis of how national and local guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding affect day to day work with children and young people†¢ an explanation of how the processes usedRead MoreCypcore33-1 Understand the Main Legislation, Guidelines, Policies and Procedures for Safeguarding Children and Young People.1329 Words   |  6 Pagesoutline of current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation for safeguarding children The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 was approved by the UK on the 16th December 1991. This includes: †¢ Children’s rights to protection from abuse †¢ The right to express their views and be listened to †¢ The right to care †¢ Services for disabled children †¢ Services for children living away from home This convention is used as guidance andRead MoreAssignment 026 - Task a2094 Words   |  9 PagesSafeguard the Well-being of Children and Young People. Task A – Briefing notes/Report/Presentation for new workers. This is a report which has been created to introduce new childcare practitioners to safeguarding within a childcare setting. This will help new practitioners to understand current legislations within the United Kingdom. Section 1 – The main current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation for safeguarding children and young people. Some ofRead MoreSetting Up a Home-Based Childminding Service Essay1983 Words   |  8 PagesLevel 3 Diploma for the Children and Young Peoples Workforce CACHE 3 CHILD MINDER Unit Assessment Project Task 1 Produce an information sheet which outlines the following: †¢ current legislation for home-based childcare †¢ The role of regulatory bodies Task 2 In order to operate a home based childcare service, the following policies and Procedures must be in place: †¢ Accidents, Illness and Emergencies †¢ Behaviour †¢ Safeguarding †¢ Equal opportunities Read MoreGuidelines, Policies And Procedures For Safeguarding Children10761 Words   |  44 Pageslegislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding children and young people, compile a folder to include the following documents: An outline of current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people. The Director of Children’s Services has the overarching responsibility for child protection but safeguarding children is everyone’s responsibility and every child has a right to be kept away from harm. All ofRead MoreUnderstand How to Safeguard the Well Being of Children and Young People6064 Words   |  25 PagesSAFEGUARD THE WELL-BEING OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE ASSIGNMENT 026 TASK A Danielle Hall SECTION 1(Ref 1.1)PG1 THE MAIN CURRENT LEGISLATION, GUIDELINES, POLICIES AND PROCEDURES WITHIN OWN UK HOME NATION FOR SAFEGUARDING CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE ARE AS FOLLOWS, SAFEGUARDING (Local safeguarding Children Board, Children’s Act 1989, Protection of Children’s Act 1999, The Children’s Act (every child matters 2004) and Safeguarding Vulnerable Group’s Act 2006), Data Protection Act (1998) INFORMATIONRead MoreThe Main Current Legislation, Guidelines, Policies and Procedures Within Own Uk Home Nation for Safeguarding Children and Young People.5596 Words   |  23 PagesThe main current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation for safeguarding children and young people. Before a member of staff can start employment with the company there are processes they must go through. A successful application form is followed by a through interview. During the interview an application for a criminal records bureau (crb) check is made once it has been deemed that the applicant has completed the criteria for employment the crb applicationRead MoreTDA 3.2 organisation in schools Essay3183 Words   |  13 PagesCommunication and professional relationships with children, young people and adults Knowledge skill 3 2 2 A/601/3326 TDA 3.2 Schools as organisations Knowledge 3 3 3 F/601/4073 TDA 3.3 Support learning activities Knowledge skill 3 4 4 A/601/4069 TDA 3.4 Promote children and young people’s positive behaviour Knowledge skill 3 3 5 H/601/4065 TDA 3.5 Develop professional relationships with children, young people and adults Knowledge skill

Importance of Human Resource Management to an Organisation Sample

Questions: 1.What is HRM?2.What is its Importance to an Organization?3.What is its Importance to Employees? Answers: 1.Answer: Human Resource Management is primarily associated with the management of the people within a company. It mostly focuses towards the framework of policies and its adherence by the people within the organization (Johnason, 2009). Human Resource managers or HRs handle the job to monitor the behavior and motivation level of the employees and guide them to work towards the objectives set by the employer. 2Answer: HRM is important to any organization. It helps them to have strategic policies and frameworks in place. The employees of the organization work as per the policies and work together to achieve a common objective as set by the employer. The HR managers act as a partner to the delivery managers to keep everything within the purview of organizations strategies. 3.Answer: HR managers tend to review the performance of employees from time to time. Employees can raise their concern with the HR and can get a resolution for their issues (Collings, 2009). They can consult the HRs for their growth within the organization and the path which they have to follow to achieve the same. Thus, HRM is important for the employees. References Johnason, P. (2009). HRM in changing organizational contexts. London: Routledge. Collings, D. G., Wood, G. (2009). Human resource management: A critical approach. London: Routledge

Economic and Social Implications

Question: Discuss about the Economic and Social Implications. Answer: Introduction: According to Bill Joy, creation of new techniques has both advantages and disadvantages. Invention of therapeutic technologies is meant for restoration of impaired human capabilities to the normal level partly. These inventions, which do well being of human are always welcome. For improvement of social structure, the technological innovation is necessary. Technology improves the productivity of machines and human being. Innovative technology improves peoples standard of living. Harper (2014) argues that modern technology makes human less virtuous due to destructive nature of science. Desire of age reversal is not desirable for society. Technology, which acts for age retardation is harmful for society, as it may lead overpopulation. With the medical improvement, death rate and birth rate have been controlled much in present era. Any technology, which acts against nature, is harmful for society. It hampers life cycle and can destroy the natural system. This incident would increase the average life expectancy, which has economic impact on society. Increase in population raises government expenditure on society. There is a fixed retirement age in government organisation. Government has to take new policy to facilitate that old people after retirement. There is another side. People with large income can only access the technology of age retardation due to high cost. Therefore, a social disparity can arise. In the view of Bourne et al., (2014), age retardation may affect the youth by slowing down the process of physical and psychological maturity. If this happens, there will have negative effect on work force. References Bourne, P. A., Solan, I., Sharpe-Pryce, C., Campbell-Smith, J., Francis, C. (2014). Human Ageing, Mortality and the Role of Macroeconomics Variables in Determining Death at Older Ages.Epidemiology,4(144), 2161-1165. Harper, S. (2014). Economic and social implications of aging societies.Science,346(6209), 587-591.

Contribution ancient great thinkers to the growth and development of psychology

Introduction Psychology evolved from ancient civilization of Greeks, Chinese, Egyptians, Indians, and Arabs, among other ancient great thinkers who made significant contribution to the development of psychology over the centuries. Psychology developed from various fields of knowledge such as philosophy, sociology, biology, physiology, anthropology, and other related disciplines because it interfaces widely with diverse disciplines.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Contribution ancient great thinkers to the growth and development of psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Until 1879, psychology was a dependent discipline, which formed part of ancient philosophy and it evolved to due to emergence of empirical scientific skills that enhanced research and validation of psychological theories. Since psychology is the study of mental processes and human behaviors, it was challenging and complex for the ancient psych ologists to design experiments that would empirically demonstrate psychology of human beings. Hunt admits that â€Å"studying the behaviors of humans is more complicated because of the influence of extraneous variables that are difficult to control. Oftentimes it requires researchers to make inferences or interpretation because the data is comparatively less clear-cut† (2006, p.12). The emergence of scientific skills and their application in various fields of knowledge led to the development of psychology as an independent field from philosophy. To explore history of psychology, this essay examines personalistic and naturalistic contributions of different theorists who represent various phases of psychological history such as philosophical antecedent, early physiological experiment, applied behaviorism, psychoanalytic movement, and contemporary movement, and ultimately evaluate personalistic and naturalistic views of psychological history. Philosophical Antecedents to Psychol ogy Before the development of empirical scientific skills in the late 19th century, psychology was an integral part of philosophy since great philosophers used rational introspective of human behaviors to understand the nature of human beings. Since philosophical ideologies questioned human mind and behavior, it provided a basis for the psychologists and physiologists to elucidate human mind and behavior according to their respective perceptions. Ancient great thinkers employed philosophy and physiology in the study of human mind and behaviors.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Griffiths, philosophy entails introspection of mental processes because â€Å"through a process of self-questioning and asking others questions; philosophers have attempted to unravel how we think, how we learn, how we gain knowledge and how we use our experiences† (2007, p.5). On the other h and, physiology involved the study of human body to unravel complex processes of the body relative to health. Then, the relationship between the mind and the body perplexed ancient philosophers and this led to the development of psychology as an independent field of knowledge that considers both philosophy of the mind and physiology of the body. Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.), an ancient philosopher, examined human life and argued that the mind and the body have intricate connection because the mind has the ability to control the body. Plato (427-347B.C.) argued that the mind and the body are two distinct components of a person that interact effectively in bringing about human behavior. Plato believed that human beings gain knowledge through introspection rather than through observation; hence, he formed the foundation for rationalism. Aristotle (348-322 B.C.), a student of Plato contested that the mind and the body are not different entities of a human being, as he believed that physio logical study of the body through observation is critical in understanding how the mind functions, thus his argument formed foundation for empiricism. Based on philosophical work of Plato and Aristotle, rationalism and empiricism are respective two approaches of psychology that emerged. Nadel (2008) argues that â€Å"a rationalist believes that the route to knowledge is through logical analysis while an empiricist believes that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence, that is, we obtain evidence through experience and observation† (p.54). Thus, rationalism and empiricism are significant approaches of modern psychology that originated from philosophical ideologies of human nature.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Contribution ancient great thinkers to the growth and development of psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During 16th and 17th, rationalism and empiricism became prominent when more phil osophers formulated psychological theories that explain human mind and behavior. Rene Descartes (1596-1550), a great thinker of this period supported rationalism arguing that the mind and the body are distinct components of a human being that mutually interact and determine the behavior of a person. He believed that human beings have cognitive abilities that differentiate them from animals. On the other hand, John Locke believed that the mind and the body are one and that they interact equally. He perceived that mutual coexistence of the body and mind is imperative for the development of human behavior because the body can sense various stimuli from the environment and the mind too process sensed information for the body to respond appropriately to diverse environmental conditions. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), agreed with both rationalism and empiricism views arguing that they are essential in psychological study of mind and human behaviors. The philosophical issue of the mind and the body complicated philosophical studies of the nature of human beings that resulted in formulation of diverse theories. Hunt argues that â€Å"the issues confronted by philosophers, physicians, and psychologists are so intertwined that when psychology was starting out as a field of study in the late 1800s, it was viewed by some as a branch of philosophy† (2006, p.18). Ultimately, psychology emerged and became independent from philosophy as the science of mind and human behavior. During the earliest period of psychological evolution, philosophers differed in defining the relationship between the mind and the body. Rationalists believed that the mind and the body are separate and distinct components of a human being and thus, psychological study should have its basis through introspection of the mind by rational analysis. However, Rene Desecrates resolved the philosophical problem of the mind and body by arguing that they are distinct components of a person, hence rationalism f ormed the basis of ancient psychology and is equally central to modern psychology (Watson, 2008, p.9).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Descartes’ beliefs did set the stage for the development of empirical psychology. Since the problem of mind and body dominated the minds of many great philosophers, naturalistic approach best explains contribution of Rene Desecrates in the ancient period. Philosophers like Hippocrates, Aristotle, Plato, John Locke, and Immanuel Kant contributed to the emergence and evolution of psychology during the ancient times. The philosophers discovered that the mind and the body are entities that interact in the body, which resulted into rationalism and empiricism study of psychology. Early Physiological and Experimental psychology Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), a German philosopher and psychologist, came up with early physiological and experimental psychology that has become the basis of modern empirical study of psychology. He dedicated his studies to carrying out physiological experiments for he intended to unravel the mystery behind structure of the mind. Wundt believed in the structura l perception of human mind. Hence his studies focused on structuralism theory in contrast with functionalism theory that elucidates human mind from functional point of view. According to Marr, â€Å"Structuralism seeks to understand the structure and configuration of elements of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components† (2008, p.56). Wundt assumed that physiological and psychological processes of a person interact in the body resulting into development of behavior. He became the father of experimental psychology since he established scientific laboratory where he conducted psychological experiments. He further designed various models of experiments so that he would detect how human senses coordinate with mental structures bringing out certain responses. Wilhelm Wundt revolutionized psychology because he was the first to apply empirical scientific skills in the study of psychology. Due to his experiments, psychology gained e nough footing and became independent field of knowledge with significant empirical evidences to support its theories that were earlier incredible. Wilhelm Wundt believed that behavior of a person depends on the interaction of physiological and psychological elements. â€Å"Physiological psychology was concerned with the process of excitations from stimulation of the sense organs, through sensory neurons to the lower and higher brain centers, and from these centers to the muscles† (Nadel, 2008, p.58). The physiological psychology provided an empirical perspective of studying psychology since earlier studies viewed psychology from philosophical point of view and applied philosophical ideologies and theories in the understanding of human mind and behaviors. According to the physiological and experimental psychology, Wilhelm Wundt assumed that physiological processes of senses could give significant information concerning the functioning of the brain. He designed novel experiment s in the laboratory, which focused in establishing the relationship between the mind and the body through physiological actions of nerves. The experiment gave robust findings that led to the development of structural theory of psychology that posits that mental and physiological structures interact effectively in the body and are responsible for the development of human behavior. Wilhelm Wundt employed introspection as one of the method of analyzing the relationship between the mind and the body through physiological mechanism of the body. â€Å"Although Wundt’s method of introspection did not remain a fundamental tool of psychological experimentation past the early 1920s, his greatest contribution was to show that psychology could be a valid experimental science,† (Wilson Keil, 2007, p.60). Thus, Wilhelm Wundt did not only prove that psychology is an experimental science but also did contribute to the independence of psychology in the 20th century. Based on the empir ical ideology of philosophy, Wilhelm Wundt formulated the first scientific experiment in a laboratory for he assumed that the relationship between the mind and the body lies in their interaction through physiological mechanism. He conducted experiments where he determined effects of varied stimuli on the mind and responses (Marr, 2008, p.72). His work led to the independence of psychology as science of the mind and behavior for empirical studies enhanced validation of many psychological theories that relied on philosophical ideologies. Personalistic approach concerning the history of psychology best accounts for his contribution to the evolution of psychology. He was the first psychologist to conduct laboratory experiment to test the relationship between the body and the mind by using varied environmental stimuli. His experimental efforts and findings revolutionized the study of psychology from rational perspective to empirical perspective. Physiological and experimental psychology of Wilhelm Wundt did prove that psychology is an experiential science that needs scientific skills to validate its theories. Due to great work of Wilhelm Wundt, psychology has become the science of mind and behavior in the modern society. Applied psychology and Behaviorism John Broadus Watson (1878-1958) was a great proponent of behavioral theory of psychology that explains human mind and behavior. Watson did study physiological and experimental psychology of Wilhelm Wundt and found that physiology alone could not explain the nature of human mind. He extended experimental physiology to include animal models in his experiments because he could easily manipulate their behavior as compared to human beings. Watson assumed that behavior of a person reflects psychological status in that studying human behaviors could tell a lot about their minds. Behavioral theory assumes that human behaviors are a reflection of the mental conditions and thus should form central basis of studying psycholo gy. In his experiments, Watson used animal models because he assumed that he could effectively extrapolate the results and apply them to human behaviors. â€Å"Using the conclusions drawn from animal research, Watson did much to enlighten educators about the complexities of learning, motivation, response generation, and problem-solving,† (Hart Kritsonis, 2006, p.8). Although his view of psychology differed with the introspection ideology of Wilhelm Wundt, he employed physiological experiment in determining stimuli-based behaviors of animals. The behavioral theory of psychology made significant contribution to the empirical study of psychology and led to the evolution of other fields of psychology such as behavioral psychology and social psychology, which are essential in explaining human behavior in the society. Watson disputed psychological views of structuralism and functionalism for he perceived that they lacked sufficient empirical applications and extrapolation to diver se human behaviors in the society. Many psychologists â€Å"credits Watson for having brought credence to some of the psychoanalytic concepts such as the role of early childhood experiences, trauma and relationships with significant social agents, primarily maternal figures, in the formation a child’s personality, capabilities and propensities† (Hart Kritsonis, 2006, p.9). Therefore, behaviorism has become an essential aspect of modern psychology for it has expanded empirical application and study of human mind and behaviors. After analyzing the work of physiological and experimental psychology of Wilhelm Wundt, John Watson formulated behavioral theory of psychology. He assumed that there is correlation between the mind and behaviors of individuals and thus, studying human behaviors could unravel the mystery behind the functioning of the mind. Since John Watson based his behavioral studies on earlier work of experimental psychology, naturalistic approach appropriately accounts for his contribution to the history of psychology. Behavioral theory has become very important in modern psychology, as it is applicable in the diagnosis of varied mental disorders. Psychoanalytic Movement Sigmund Freud was a great psychologist of the 20th century who came up with psychoanalytic theory to elucidate how human mind functions and how it influences human behavior. He was a neurologist and thus his knowledge concerning the functioning of the brain-inspired him to formulate psychoanalytic theory. Examining mental disorders of the children, Sigmund Freud discovered that some disorders such as necrosis and hysteria affect mental functions while organic matter in the mind remains intact. Through neurological examination, he singled the cause of hysterical disorders as repressed memories of traumatic experiences since organic matter remained intact. Sigmund Freud formulated psychotherapy procedure that helped the patients to recall traumatic experiences so that he c ould guide them in resolving psychological crises arising from repressed memories. Sigmund Freud explains that â€Å"we guided the patient’s attention directly to the traumatic scene during which the symptom had arisen, tried to find therein the psychic conflict and to free the repressed affect †¦ discovered the procedure characteristic of the psychic processes of the neuroses† (Strachey, 2007, p.7). From the experience as a neurologist, Sigmund Freud discovered that mental disorders do not require physiotherapy but psychotherapy and thus, he applied regression analysis of life experiences to awaken and resolve repressed memories of patients. Realizing that necroses relate with the sexual drives of children, Sigmund Freud formulated psychosexual theory after exploring sexual development from a psychological point of view. He argued that sexual development intricately links with the mind and determines the behavior of an individual. Freud changed the perception of sex when he proposed that sexuality forms an integral part of childhood development because sexual drives mediate between the body and the mind. He noted that sexual instincts are major driving forces in personality development. Sigmund Freud redefined the ordinary physical perspective of sexual development by incorporating the psychological aspects of psyche. In his psychoanalysis theory, Freud proposed that the psyche has three components, namely, the ego, the super-ego, and the I.D. (Strachey, 2007, p.84). Super-ego is the conscious component of the psyche that imposes and regulates cultural sexual constraints while the I.D. is the unconscious component that determines the sexual instincts of pleasure and is important in socialization. The ego is the component of the psyche that interfaces and coordinates the super-ego and the I.D. in the harmonization of the conflicting sexual instincts and cultural sexual constraints in the process of psychosexual development. Thus, Sigmund Fre ud modeled psychosexual development into five stages: â€Å"oral phase, anal phase, phallic phase, latency phase and genital phase† (Strachey, 2007, p.83) depending on the source of the sexual instinct. Contrary to the behavioral theory, Sigmund Freud came up with psychoanalytic theory, which postulates that mental disorders such as necroses and hysteria are due to repressed memories of past traumatic experiences. In addition, he formulated psychosexual theory where he explained how the three elements of psyche viz. superego, ego, and I.D. interact effectively in resolution of psychosexual crises (Wilson Keil, 2007, p.44). Since Sigmund Freud came up with the psychoanalytic theory together with his friends, personalistic and naturalistic approaches best account for his contribution to the history of psychology His psychoanalytic principles are central to modern psychotherapy Contemporary Movement Social constructivism is a contemporary school of thought in psychology whose p roponents argue that scientific and psychological ideologies are all constructs of humanity and that they did not exist in their own. The social construction theory shifted from self-psychology and incorporated the influence of social environment to the mind and subsequent development of behaviors. Kenneth Gergen is a modern proponent of construction theory who argues that science and philosophy are human constructs that cannot fully explain psychological and behavioral development in the society with many social factors that confound inquiry in psychology. â€Å"What we take to be experience of the world does not in itself dictate the terms by which the world is understood. What we take to be knowledge of the world is not a product of induction, or of the building and testing of general hypotheses† (Gergen, 2009, p.266). He criticizes empiricists for over-reliance on observation as basis of scientific knowledge for he holds that observers have bias when making their empirica l observations. Since some aspects of psychology such as emotions are very abstract for empirical analyses, empirical studies of human thoughts and behavioral are not sufficient in validation and elucidation of psychological theories. According to the social construction theory, interaction of human beings in the universe has played significant role in shaping their thoughts and behaviors. Human beings have made diverse social constructs in the society that have shaped human behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. Constructionists believe that understanding of the world, human behavior and thoughts lies in mutual interaction of people, and their systems in the society. Boghossian argues that the study of culture, personality, emotions and memories â€Å"direct our attention to the social, moral, political and economic institutions that sustain and are supported by current assumptions about human activity† (2010, p.32). In modern society, social psychology is applicable in politica l spheres, in management levels, and in various interactions of people where mobilization is necessary. Kenneth Gergen is a contemporary proponent of social construction theory that critics empirical psychology as insufficient in elucidating human behavior and mental functions. He added social aspect as a determinant of human behavior and mental functions for he believed that social forces are integral part of the psychology because they influence interaction of human beings in the society. Given that many of his contemporaries contributed to the formulation of the social construction theory, naturalistic approach appropriately explains his contribution to the history of psychology Summary Naturalistic and personalistic perspectives are two approaches that help in understanding the history and evolution of psychology. While naturalistic perspective of psychological history emphasizes collective intellectual contribution by the great thinkers, personalistic perspective of psychologic al history emphasizes on individual contribution to the growth and evolution of psychology. According to naturalistic perception, history of psychology is collection of great ideologies from many thinkers who contributed to the development and evolution of psychology during various intellectual and historical periods into the modern psychology. Personalistic approach to the study of psychological history emphasizes individual contributions and regards them as heroic intellectuals. Watson argues that â€Å"the history of what man has accomplished in this world is at bottom the history of the great men who have worked here† (2009, p.12). Personalistic theory assumes that the history of psychology is just but a history of great persons who made significant contributions, which changed the course of psychology throughout the history. Conclusion Ancient great thinkers made significant contribution to the growth and development of psychology. During the ancient times, psychology wa s part of philosophy because it lacked empirical validation of its theories. Psychology was dependent on philosophical ideologies of rationalism in the study of human thoughts and behaviors. In the late 19th century, Wilhelm Wundt came up with empirical view of psychology for he conducted first laboratory experiment to find out the relationship between the mind and the body via physiological actions of nerves. His experiments revolutionized psychology to become an independent field of knowledge, which could validate its theories using scientific principles of research. Thus, empirical psychology formed the foundation for the emergence of behavioral theory, psychoanalytic theory and contemporary social construction theory, which are integral part of modern psychology. References Boghossian, P. (2010). Contemporary Construction Theory. The Institute of  Psychological studies, 1-45. Gergen, K. (2009). The Social Constructionist Movement in Modern Psychology.  American Psychologist, 40(3), 266-281. Griffiths, P. (2007). Evolutionary Psychology: History, and Current Status.  The Philosophy of Science, 1-14. Hart, K., Kritsonis, W. (2006). A Critical Analysis of John B. Watson’s Original Writing: Behaviorisms as a Behaviorist Views It. National Forum of Applied Educational Research Journal, 20(3), 1-21. Hunt, M. (2006). The History of Psychology. London: Prentice Hall. Marr, D. (2008). Origin and History of Psychology. New York: Cambridge Press. Nadel, L. (2008). Introduction to Cognitive Psychology. London: Nature Publishing Group. Strachey, J. (2007). The History of Psychoanalytic Movement: Sigmund Freud.  Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, 24(7), 1-134. Watson, R. (2008). Introduction to Psychology’s History. The American Psychological  Association, 1-44. Wilson, R., Keil, F. (2007). Evolution of Psychology: Ancient and Modern Perception.  The Journal of Psychology, 45(9), 23-67. This essay on Contribution ancient great thinkers to the growth and development of psychology was written and submitted by user Conor Richmond to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.